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§ 2. French Conversation-Grammar,
First Lesson

Emil Otto

(1859)

ETYMOLOGY
Part of speech

There are in French ten sorts of words, called parts of speech, namely:

1) Article, l’article.
2) Substantive or Noun, le substantif.
3) Determinative adjective, l’adjective déterminatif.
4) Qualifying adjective, l’adjective qualificativ.
5) Pronoun, le pronom.
6) Verb, le verbe.
7) Adverb, l’adverbe.
8) Preposition, la préposition.
9) Conjunction, la conjonction.
10) Interjection, l’interjection.

The first six are variable, the four others are invariable.

FIRST LESSON

Of the article

In the French language there are only two genders, viz. the masculine and feminine. This distinction applies also to inanimate objects, wich are either masculine or feminine.

1) To indicate this distinction of gender the définite article is prefixed to substantive, and has a peculiar form for each gender: le before a masculine, la before a feminine substantive; les is the plural for both genders. Ex.:

masculine:

le roi, the king;

le père, the father.

feminine:

la reine, the queen.

la mère, the mother.

2) The articles le and la in the singular lose their vowels and take the apostrophe (l’), before a noun beginning with a vowel, or h mute, so as to form but one word. Ex.:

masculine:

l’ami, the friend.

l’homme, the man.

feminine:

l’amie, the (female) friend.

l’histoire, the history.